• DDx of Recurrent PNA
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Obstructing Mass
  
  DDx of Solitary Lung Nodule (<3cm)
  Benign
  • TB
  • Fungal infections (Histoplasmosis, aspergillosis)
  • Granulomas or abscesses (calcified lesions)
  • Connective Tissues Diseases and inflammatory lesions
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Hamartomas (characteristic pattern on imaging)
  • Hemangioma
  Malignant
  • Bronchogenic Cancers (Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Small Cell)
  • Carcinoid
  • Lymphoma (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma)
  • Metastases
  
  

  Posted 10/24/16 09:06:27 AM by Ying Liu

• Carcinoid Tumors
  • 1-2% of all lung malignancies. 0.2-2 per 100,000 people per year
  • Potential association with smoking, though not as strong as other bronchogenic cancers
  • Often present with recurrent PNA or as solitary pulmonary nodule discovered incidentally
  • Less commonly presents with classic carcinoid syndrome (flushing, GI symptoms, bronchoconstriction) from tumors releasing substances such as serotonin; usually only in larger tumors (>5cm) or in patients  with liver metastases)
  
  

  Posted 10/24/16 09:07:09 AM by Ying Liu

• Management
  • Surgical resection is often curative in early stage disease
  • Treatment of advanced typical lesions is radiation
  • Somatostatin analogues, such as octreotide, can be used if tumors light up on octreotide scans
  
  
  
  
  

  Posted 10/24/16 09:07:33 AM by Ying Liu

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